The Age of Reformation Essay -- essays research papers

The Age of Reformation The Age of Reformation - religious revolution in Western Europe in the 16th cent. Beginning as a reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church, the Reformation ultimately led to freedom of dissent. The preparation for the movement was long and there had been earlier calls for reform, e.g., by John WYCLIF and John HUSS. Desire for change within the church was increased by the RENAISSANCE, with its study of ancient texts and emphasis on the individual. Other factors that aided the movement were the invention of printing, the rise of commerce and a middle class, and political conflicts between German princes and the Holy Roman emperor. The Reformation began suddenly when Martin LUTHER posted 95 theses on the church door at Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. Open attack on the doctrines and authority of the church followed and led to Luther's breach with the church (1520), which the Diet of Worms (1521) failed to heal. His doctrine was of justification by faith alone instead of by sacram ents, good works, and meditation, and it placed a person in direct communication with God. Luther's insistence on reading the Bible placed on the individual a greater responsibility for his own salvation. The new church spread in Germany and Scandinavia, especially among princes and people who hoped for a greater degree of freedom. The conflict between the Lutherans and the Catholic Emperor CHARLES V was long and bitter. A temporary settlement was reached at the Peace of Augsburg (1555), but continued discord contributed later to the THIRTY YEARS WAR. Outside Germany, a different type of dissent developed under Huldreich ZWINGLI in Zurich, and within Protestantism differences arose, such as doctrinal arguments on the Lord's Supper. These were debated, inconclusively, at the Colloquy of Marburg (1529) by Luther and Philip MELANCHTHON on one side and Zwingli and Johannes Oecolampadius on the other. More radical ideas were spread, particularly among the lower classes, by such leaders a s CARLSTADT, Thomas MUNZER, and JOHN OF LEIDEN. In 1536 Geneva became the center for the teachings of John CALVIN, perhaps the greatest theologian of Protestantism. In France the HUGUENOTS, fired by Calvin's doctrine, resisted the Catholic majority in the Wars of RELIGION (1562-98). Calvinism superseded Lutheranism in the Netherlands, and it spread to Scotland through the eff... ...ermany and Switzerland, but his views, particularly about the TRINITY, were condemned by both Roman Catholics and Protestants. He fled to France, where he gained fame in medicine. After he had a work on theology secretly printed (1553), the INQUISITION moved against him. He escaped from prison, but he was seized in Geneva, on John Calvin’s order, and tried and burned there. Peace of Augsburg - September 1555- made the division of Christendom permanent. This agreement recognized a law that had already been well established and in practice: cuius regio, eius religio, meaning that the ruler of the land would determine the religion of the land. Mary I – ( r. 1553-1558) became Queen of England- procceded to restore Catholic doctrine and practice with a singlemindedness that rivaled that of her father. Bernini's Ecstasy of St. Theresa - Bernini (1598-1680) Italian sculptor and architect, the dominant figure of the Italian BAROQUE. His Roman works include the Churches of Santa Maria della Vittoria which houses his great sculpture the Ecstasy of St. Theresa. The "Black Legend" - (Bartolome de Las Casas) portrayed all Spanish treatment to Indians as unprincipled and inhumane.

Application of the Top-Down Network Design Methodology

1. What are the business goals? (10 points) The goals of the business are to create a new network that could support the growing number of students at the campus and to create a way for off campus students to access the network.2. What are the business constraints? (10 points) The constraints on the company are that the budget consists of revenue from property taxes and a previously approved bond, so with the network now needing to be larger and more accessible the money from the bonds may not be enough to supplement the project.3. What are the technical goals? (10 points) The technical goals of the company are to:*Build a new IT wing for the administration building so that all of the servers can be centralized *Connect all of the buildings to the new IT wing *Provide wireless access to the students in their classrooms *Provide wireless access to students off campus *Provide a high-speed wireless connection for the faculty *Provide a centralized online backup for student and faculty documents *Replace the PBX based phone system with a new VoIP system4. What are the technical constraints? (10 points)The one big issue that is a technical constraint on the company is that due to the rising number of students, the school is planning on needing another campus location- which is expected to be about 15 miles away. Creating a wireless network for the new campus to connect to the original campus will cause issues when it is completed. While the new building has been approved for funding, the new addition on the network has not.5. Diagram the existing network. (10 points)6. Describe the existing network traffic. (10 points)7. Complete this table for all of the applications that currently run over the network. (10 points)

The Syrian Conflict During The City Of Daraa - 1151 Words

The Syrian conflict began in 2011 in the city of Daraa. The war began following the appearance of anti government graffiti was sprayed onto a school. With students facing repercussions from the government an effort to remove the current government (with the Assad family at the helm). A militia composed of locals and Jihadists, called the Free Syrian Army, along with other countries around the globe began showing their disapproval for the current regime. This culminated with the United Nations General Assembly meeting in 2012 agreeing to pass a resolution to crack down on President Assad. I have organized key events into the years they have occurred. 2011 †¢ Protests grow in Damascus and Aleppo over the imprisonment and several deaths of 13 young boys. †¢ Military securities raid a sit in, in the city of Homs. †¢ Police and Military forces begin to open fire within northeastern Syria. †¢ Free Syrian army official created with the goal of getting Bashar al- Assad out of power. †¢ Obama demands Assad to step down, and demands Syria’s assets be frozen. †¢ Russia and China veto the UN’s security council’s resolution to stop the war. †¢ Suicide bombers begin to appear, individuals are networking with Al Avadas in Iraq. †¢ A Cease-fire is attempted to be implemented but does not succeed. 2012 †¢ Syria is accused of engaging in crimes against humanity. Zoatari refugee camp in Jordan takes in thousands of Syrian refugees. †¢ A Damascus security building is bombed †¢ Fighting spreads toShow MoreRelatedCivil War And A Revolution1196 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the UN, the death toll in Syria almost reached two hundred thousand over the last three and a half years, and the number of displaced Syrians reached 9.5 million. Because of the complexity of the situation, a lot of people don’t even know exactly what is happening over there. The first thing that might pop into one’s mind is that a civil war is going on there. On the other hand, others argue that it is a revolution against oppression that has been brutally responded to. Evaluating theRead MoreThe Changes Of The World s Civilizations1112 Words   |  5 Pagesprime example of a territory constantly invaded by empires until finally becoming its own country is Syria. Though Syria has faced many trials throughout its past, it faces several in the present. Syrian culture, economics, politics, and military advances have been contributions to its military conflicts an d Civil War. For centuries Syria has been fought over by empires, primarily for its geographical location. Syria is located on the borders of Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and theRead MoreSyri A Country Filled With Violence, Poverty, And Instability2411 Words   |  10 Pagesthere has always been turmoil and political unrest in the country. The Ba’ath Party’s regime began formally in 1966, although similarly minded factions had control since 1947, and it marked the first stable Syrian government. Syria’s ruling political party is made up of members of the Syrian Alawite population, a minority in a predominantly Sunni country. Up until today, the Ba’ath Party has maintained iron-like control over Syria, with the Assad family leading the party and the country since 1970Read MoreThe Changes Of The World s Civilizations1101 Words   |  5 Pagesprime example of a territory constantly invaded by empires until finally becoming its own country is Syria. Thou gh Syria has faced many trials throughout its past, it faces several in the present. Syrian culture, economics, politics, and military advances have been contributions to its military conflicts and Civil War. For centuries Syria has been fought over by empires, primarily for its geographical location. Syria is located on the borders of Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and theRead MoreSyria Essay1759 Words   |  8 PagesSyria is a Middle Eastern country located on the Mediterranean Sea, bordered by Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon. To people in the West, Syria is most likely known for violence, terrorism, and conflict because that is what the media portrays. However, it is one of the oldest inhabited regions in the world and is rich with culture and history. From Bible references noting, â€Å"The road to Damascus† to Ottoman control in 1516 to Bashar al-Assad taking control in 2000, Syria has seen periods ofRead MoreSyrian Crisis4645 Words   |  19 PagesI. Background to the crisis in Syria Protests asking for the release of political prisoners began mid-March 2011 and were immediately met by Syrian security forces who at first detained and attacked protestors with batons, and later opened gunfire, and deployed tanks and naval ships against civilians. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad refused to halt the violence and implement meaningful reforms demanded by protestors such as the lifting of emergency law, broader political representation and a freer