Culture & Change Essays - Psychology, , Term Papers

Culture Change Introduction From the general point of view, organizational culture can be expressed as a code of people's behavior in the workplace, culture is the part of topic that will be covered here. The culture that operates can be defined in values, beliefs and norms the way of things should be completed in an exceptional organizational environment , Schein defined this as a "the way we do things round here" (Edgar Schein 1992) . This can be seen on Edgar Schein's Model of change, the model contains three stages that are: Artifacts, espoused values and basic underlying assumptions. Schein divides organizational into three level where artifacts are the surface, which can be simplified as a distinguished but hard to understand. Next is, espoused values beneath the artifacts which defined the goals, strategies and philosophies. Last one is the basic assumptions and values, the essence of culture that represents the basic underlying assumptions and values (ValueBasedManagement 2016). Act ual model of Edgar Schein can be seen below the essay. T here are debates that employees and employers are the main properties in an organization and its their perspectives, customers, principles and attitudes that establish the culture that succeeds in an organization. The Culture, a very mutual term in this century, it's a dynamic role in our characteristic development . Culture delivers a sense of belongin g to people, a definition of how we are productive and who we are in their work place. It connects people on how they can interact with each other in a workplace . That also helps managers how to conduct and maintain positive environment. Culture differs from organization to organization as it is formed by beliefs and values of people working inside the organization. When the pr ogression goes on over the past years, simple procedure in a such a method that it applies or performs in a manner to control behavio r, action and decision on applying procedures in t he organi zation. It's not all about the rules and procedures , but also the behaviors factors challenged by day after day . Another theory on how organization culture is defined, can be like a glue where all the parts are glued together that shares patterns of meaning, then the cultures targets the beliefs, values and expectations that members derive to share (Siehl Martin , 1984). Organization cultures helps to contribute goals, decisions making processes, job satisfaction and motivation to employees. Occupational Culture Why is culture called as one of the hardest definitions to understand and why change management is so important? As mentioned above, culture is a wide-ranging factor that an organization consumes high amount of time to understand completely. When organization has decided to implement a changing action , most of the mayor contributors are complexed , vagueness , organization culture (Heilpern and Nadler, 1992 ). An official explanation of culture which states that it is a "pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learns as it solves problems of external adaption and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to the new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel, and in relation to these problems. He also says that while organization continues to enhance its ability to deal with its own problems and fixes its identity, culture builds up " (p.12) (Egdar Schein, 1992) Evaluate culture, Schein (1992) Has crafted a unique three level model that is designed below: 0304800 Artifacts Artifacts 227647540640 Visual Organizational Structures and processes (hard to decipher) Visual Organizational Structures and processes (hard to decipher) 157353013842900 304800100330 157353055054400 285750579120 2276475798195 Unconscious, taken for granted beliefs, perceptions thoughts and feelings (Ultimate source of values and action)0 Unconscious, taken for granted beliefs, perceptions thoughts and feelings (Ultimate source of values and action) 227647593345 Strategies, goals, philosophies (espoused justifications)0 Strategies, goals, philosophies (espoused justifications) 0721995 Basic Underlying Assumptions Basic Underlying Assumptions 064770 Espoused Values Espoused Values (Edgard Schein, 1992) Challenges that targets Organizations on Theoretical level These models are the solution that should be taken in to the consideration: Models by: Dr. Geert Hofstede Culture is a feature that has both sides, it has strengths and weaknesses. Its evaluated in a way that every objective is completed in an organization.

Food Procurement Essays

Food Procurement Essays Food Procurement Essay Food Procurement Essay Mang Inasal Chicken BBQ is the Philippine’s fastest turning barbecue fast nutrient concatenation. functioning poulet. porc barbecue and other Filipino favourites. was foremost established on December 12. 2003 in Iloilo City. Presently. there were 445 subdivisions countrywide and with over 10. 000 employees system broad. Mang Inasal is making its portion in relieving the unemployment load of the state. The presence of every Mang Inasal in a certain country provides non merely employment but besides opportunities to community members including providers of kalamansi. wood coal. banana leaves. veggies. bamboo sticks. and other ingredients. It besides indirectly gives income-generating activities to many. In maintaining with the mission to systematically supply its clients a great Pinoy dining experience. Mang Inasal. the Philippines’ fastest turning barbeque fast nutrient concatenation subdivisions out once more. this clip in Turbina. Calamba. Laguna adding to its more than 300 subdivisions countrywide. Marco Sison and Nonoy Zuniga graced the gap last Nov. 19. The Brothers Band provided the amusement and endorse up. First established in Iloilo City on December 12. 2003 by Edgar Injap Sia functioning grilled poulet. porc barbeque and other Filipino favourites. Mang Inasal Turbina in Calamba is a franchise owned by Ikemada Resources. Inc. . a keeping company. which aims to hold ownership of different outlets/branches in the nutrient industry. Ikemada’s pick of Turbina in Calamba as the following site for Mang Inasal is its strategic location which is between the two coach terminuss ferrying riders from Manila to the southern states of Quezon. Batangas. Bicol and Mindoro. Turbina is merely 30-minutes’ thrust from Makati. This is besides in line with Mang Inasal’s vision to be the preferable speedy service eating house of every Pinoy everyplace. : Mang Inasal enterprises to adhere to elements that bear a clearly Pinoy stamp-grilling with wood coal. rice wrapped in banana foliages. marinade concocted out of local spices and herbs. bamboo sticks for skewers. and the atmosphere that encourages kinamot ( the Ilonggo term in eating with the custodies ) whenever poulet inasal is served. All these evoke a haste of nostalgia for tradition. civilization. and most of all. place. Grilled poulet isn’t the lone menu that Mang Inasal offers. They have Sisig. Grilled Pork. Bangus. Chicken Feet. Wingss. Pecho. Liver and Baticulon. Fish and Pork Sinigang. Batchoy. Bihon. Pancit Molo. Pinoy Burger. Pinoy Mirienda. Pinoy Panamis. Pinoy Pampagana. and more. Mang Inasal’s Vision is to be the preferable speedy service eating house of every pinoy everyplace. Their mission is to systematically supply their clients a great pinoy dining experience. Aims of the Study -To find the buying and telling processs of Mang Inasal. Petron Turbina. -To place the receiving processs of Mang Inasal. Petron Turbina. -To find the storage processs of Mang Inasal. Petron Turbina. -To place the stock list processs of Mang Inasal. Petron Turbina. -To know the sanitation processs of Mang Inasal. PetronTurbina. Significance of the Study This survey of the nutrient procurance in Mang Inasal Chicken BBQ including The existent nutrient buying. receiving. hive awaying. stock list and issue processs will function as a mention to the pupils researching and analyzing approximately nutrient procurance of a nutrient constitution. This will besides function as a usher for other constitutions if they are following the right processs in nutrient procurance. This survey will assist inform the consumers if this nutrient constitution is safe to eat from. Last. the survey will assist other hereafter research workers if the traditional manner of these activities were still practiced today. Methodology Research Locale Mang Inasal chicken BBQ Corporate Office ( Head Office ) is placed 2316 Aurora Boulevard. Tramo St. . Pasay City. Mang Inasal is runing at the following countries: Bacolod. Iloilo. Roxas. Laguna. Bicutan. Metro Manila. Davao. Cagayan De Oro. Koronadal. Cavite. Cebu. Boracay. Baguio. Pangasinan. Tuguegarao. La Union. Pampanga. Bulacan. Mindoro. Agusan. Zamboanga. Ozamiz. Iligan. Surigao. General Santos. Pagadian. Batangas. Lucena. Naga City. Davao del Norte. Davao del Sur. Tagaytay. Palawan. Tacloban. Ilocos Sur and Tarlac. Mang Inasal is aiming to open 500 shops by 2012. The research workers focused on Mang Inasal Chicken BBQ located near PETRON ( Gasoline Station ) in Turbina. Calamba City. Laguna which was opened last November 19. 2011 and the gap was graced by Nonoy Zuniga and Marco Sison. This franchise subdivision is owned by Ikemada Resources Inc. . a keeping company. Research Design The descriptive method of research was used for this survey. To specify the descriptive type of research. Creswell ( 1994 ) stated that the descriptive method of research is to garner information about the present bing status. The accent is on depicting instead than on judgment or interpretation. The purpose of descriptive research is to verify formulated hypotheses that refer to the present state of affairs in order to clarify it. The descriptive attack is speedy and practical in footings of the fiscal facet. Furthermore. this method allows a flexible attack. therefore when of import new issues and inquiries arise during the continuance of the survey. farther probe may be conducted. The research worker opted to incorporate the qualitative attack in this survey due to its important advantages. The usage of qualitative informations assemblage method is advantageous as they are more unfastened to alterations and polish of research thoughts as the survey progresses ; this implies that qualitative informations assemblage tools are extremely flexible. Furthermore. no use of the research scene is necessary with this method ; instead than employ assorted research controls such as in experimental attacks. the qualitative informations assemblage methods are merely centered on understanding the happening phenomena in their of course happening provinces. Aside from these advantages. research workers use qualitative data-gathering tools as some old research workers believe that qualitative informations are peculiarly attractive as they provide rich and reasoned descriptions and accounts every bit good as unanticipated findings for new theory building. One of the noteworthy strengths of the qualitative instruments is that they evoke a more realistic feeling of the research puting which can non be obtained from statistical analysis and numerical informations utilized through quantitative agencies. These informations aggregation methods allow flexibleness in carry oning informations assemblage. research analysis and reading of collected information. In add-on. qualitative method allows the presentation of the phenomenon being investigated in a more holistic position. Research Instruments a. Interview An interview can be undertaken to roll up informations. there are two types of interviews and they include face to confront interview and telephone interview. a face to confront interview will affect aggregation of informations whereby the respondent and research decision maker sit together. a telephone interview on the other manus will affect naming the respondent and replies obtained over the phone. a face to confront interview is considered more expensive given that the research decision maker may be required to go and besides this procedure may be clip devouring. ( Fowler. 2008 ) Interview are farther subdivided into structured and unstructured interview. structured interview involves puting up a set of inquiries that will be administered while unstructured involve inquiring the respondent to lucubrate on certain issues. ( Fowler. 2008 ) B. Observation Observation is another method of roll uping informations. this method involves detecting participants and entering informations. for illustration roll uping informations on the figure of vehicles that use a certain main road will affect the observation method of roll uping informations. ( Fowler. 2008 ) c. Analyzing paperss This is secondary informations aggregation method that involves roll uping informations from published paperss illustration diaries and a book. other beginnings include on-line databases which are comparatively inexpensive methods of obtaining informations. this method is preferred given that it is less clip consuming and besides less dearly-won. This method nevertheless have a disadvantage given that it may given lift to accuracy jobs. informations truth will depend on the intent of the informations collected and that there may lift job when information may unavailable and therefore a research worker will be required to utilize primary beginnings of informations which include interview and questionnaires. ( Fowler. 2008 ) When planing the research informations aggregation methods it is of import that the research worker takes into consideration the answering attitude. informations aggregation methods such as questionnaires should be designed taking into consideration the reaction of the respondents when a certain inquiry is directed to them. besides the research inquiries should be clear and simple and should non be taking inquiries. The other factor that should be taken into consideration is the cost. when choosing the information aggregation method one should take into consideration the cost associated with that method and whether there exist ways to cut down such costs. face to confront interview sometimes may be dearly-won and clip consuming and therefore questionnaires that are comparatively inexpensive may be preferred. besides the questionnaires may be more appropriate given that they are less clip devouring given that a batch of informations can be collected at one time. for illustration a survey that involves participants from different parts and the respondent sends the questionnaires to the respondents. ( Fowler. 2008 ) Data Gathering Procedures The research workers used interview and guide inquiries to garner the needful information. ( See Appendix A ) Cardinal Informants The research workers interviewed Mr. Jayson Pizarra. the former director of Mang Inasal – Turbina. and Ms. Mary Ann Papio. the present director. The research workers have undergone two interviews with each director. The first interview was done with the former director. Mr. Pizarra. in January 2012. The 2nd interview was done with the present director. Ms. Papio last March 12. 2012 at Mang Inasal – Turbina. The research workers wished to talk with their buying agent to garner the right information because nutrient procurance is handled largely by the buying forces of a nutrient constitution ; unluckily. Mang Inasal doesn’t have buying forces. The directors and helper directors act as the buying forces and manage the nutrient procurance of their constitution.

Situational analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Situational analysis - Research Paper Example The restrictions on the market hamper the stimulation for economic activities, which create employment for the nationals of Indonesia. The political impact of the political class of Indonesia is that it fails to reduce the ever-growing rate of unemployment through the supporting of restrictive measures in the development of the nation. The economic state of the country is also a substantial determinant of the employment rate of the nationals of West Papua. The economic growth and development is the government’s obligation. The development creates adequate employment through the jobs the process creates. The economy of Indonesia is also pegged on the international economic status (David, 2012, 65). In this regard, many aspect of the economy contribute to the scourge of unemployment in West Papua. Currency fluctuation of India contributed in the reduction in the economic activities, which provide employment opportunities. According To Eben (2010, 34), the social cultural aspect of Indonesia contributes in the unemployment challenge in the country. The culture of the people of West Papua entails the overreliance on wind energy, which leads to less employment opportunities. In this regard, the youth on the region should invest in other renewable energy sources in order to create entrepreneurial opportunities. The people of west Papua have little time for social gratification. The habit leads to low networking of the populace. Consequently, there is no sharing of knowledge on employment opportunities and entrepreneurial ideas. The rate of unemployment increases because of limitation of innovative ideas on business. Technological stagnation is a challenge for the region. The problem is the proximate cause for the unemployment problem in the region. The stagnation limits the investment opportunities available to the youthful population. Richard (2009, 71) asserts that lack of technological application in industries results in inefficiency and

SUH stage 3 project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SUH stage 3 project - Essay Example Moreover, SUH Company manages a very large amount of data. As discussed in previous stages, taking backups of this data is essential. In such complex working arrangement there is a need for a more reliable solution that can be used to take backups of data. So in case of any disaster, it will be easy for SUH Company to secure and recover its precious data. Through the application of proposed backup and recovery solution SUH Company will be able to ensure information systems security in a much better way. SUH Company requires an efficient solution for data backup and recovery that has the potential to secure business operations through much better business management approach. The basic aim of implementing this solution is to achieve following goals: For SUH Company and its two subsidiaries CarbonTech and MyRentals we need a canalized business backup and recovery solution. The proposed system will offer a lot of benefits and capabilities for secure and protect business data and information in all areas of business. The solution that is proposed in scenario of SUH Company is Symantec Backup and Recovery System, Recovery 2010 Business Server Edition. This application offers cost-effective and simple recovery and business data and information server backup solutions. They can be used at Microsoft Windows based Business Servers. In addition, Symantec Backup and Recovery System reduces downtime and avoids disaster with server backup software that simply improves individual data files/folders or the entire Windows systems in minutes, as compared to virtual environments, hardware or remote locations (Symantec Corporation, 2012). For its business structure, SUH Company can also choose Windows based Backup and Recovery System. This system is simple, free and easy to manage. However, this solution is not much effective in ensuring corporate business transaction security and

Research Paper on movie Harold and Maude from 1971 Essay

Research Paper on movie Harold and Maude from 1971 - Essay Example In addition Harold is obsessed with death and funerals and happens to attend strange funerals for fun. In the process of attending these funerals Harold meets Maude an elderly ex-concentration camp lady. The main theme is fixed on Harold who befriends the 79 old women named Maude. Harold lived in a big mansion with his mother where he attempts mock suicides and also attends funerals for people he didn’t know, he finally meets Maude the old woman and they become friends. However the two friends are directly in contrast of each other whereby Harold has no meaning in the society he lives in while the old woman who has been to concentration camp marked by her tattooed ID on her arm is light hearted, energetic and a senior citizen.```````` Every actor in this movie seems to have his/her own way of thinking or acting. Within the cast we expect that Mrs. Chasen and her son should have been very close. But as it turns out each is pre occupied with their own issues. Mrs. Chasen seems much pre-occupied with her social image and her businesses at the expense of her son’s social life. Ironically we would have expected that Harold and Maude should find nothing common between them but as the movie unfolds we see that the two find solace in each other to an extent that they fall in love with each other. Identify any stimulus that may be prompting behaviors. The entire story line is a mixed outcome of behavior changes that arise out of social interactions that act as the stimulus for behavior change. From the onset Harold’s behavior as an introverted rich kid who is only obsessed or fascinated by death is a behavior he has adopted that is as a result of his mother’s actions. Mrs. Chasens actions act as the stimulating factors for Harold’s behavior change. Instead of Mrs. Chasen treating her son Harold as a mature 20 year old she treats him as a baby and want

Gratitude the parent of all virtues

Gratitude the parent of all virtues Everyone indeed has experienced receiving gifts, favors or benefits. How does it feel? Certainly, the common emotion that one feels is the feeling of being thankful or grateful. But on the other hand, one might also feel indebted. Thus, through this study, a deeper understanding will be grasp to understand every part of the emotion gratitude: what is gratitude, how is gratitude experienced, the difference between gratitude and indebtness, its impact to the people and limitations. Gratitude is one common emotion to aid (Gallup, 1998). According to Emmons Crumpler, (2000) it is an emotion evident in all cultures and is a virtue encouraged by all of the major religions of the world. The importance of gratitude has been taught by several world religions (Emmons Crumpler, 2000). But it has been largely neglected in the field of psychological science until the 21st century despite the fact that it is believed by many thinkers in various disciplines from Western social theorists Seneca an d Cicero to Adam Smith and David Hume, to modern social scientists Robert Frank and Robert Trivers, that this emotion is essential for building and preserving social relationships (Bartlett DeSteno, 2006 McCullough, Kimeldorf, Cohen, 2008) and has been marked not only the best, but the parent of all other virtues (Cicero, 1851 p.139). Gratitude in theological aspect is defined as the affirmation of a bond between giver and receiver, which is central to the human divine relationship (Emmons Kneezel, 2005). This means that when one experience gratitude, it signifies that a relationship exists between the benefactor and the receiver. In New Webster Dictionary (2002), it is defined as a feeling of appreciation for a kindness or favor received. Psychologists on the other hand typically define gratitude as a positive emotion (Tsang, 2006). Being a positive emotion means that it encourages people to engage in cognitive and behavioral activities that will build resources that will become useful during threatening, and challenging situations (Fredrickson, 1998, 2001). It has also been acknowledged as a moderately pleasant emotion (Mayer et al., 1991) but it is different from plain happiness since gratitude generally goes with the perception that one has benefited from another persons generosity. Although it is generally a ccepted that expressing gratitude brings great happiness (Gallup, 1998). Experiencing Gratitude Gratitude as described by Emmons and Crumpler (2000) is an emotional response to a gift (p. 56), adding that it is an interpersonal emotion that is felt not toward oneself but toward other people. But gratitude does not solely occur after a gift is given, as various researches have shown, the benefactor, the recipient and the gifts affect such experience. In Heiders theory of gratitude, it states that the beneficiary would encounter less gratitude in situations where the benefactor would obliged the beneficiary to be grateful, because the beneficiary prefers to infer their gratitude to be self-motivated, rather than controlled by external sources (Watkins et al., 2006). Hence, if a return favor is expected, a feeling of gratefulness declines. Individuals also experience gratitude when they see a benefit was caused by the efforts of others (Weiner, Russell, Lerman, 1979; Zaieski, 1988), a nd also when they are able to recognize appropriately the effort of others as the cause of another persons gratitude (Weiner et al., 1979). On the other hand, providing intentionally valued benefits, as perceived by the recipients, create greater feelings of gratitude (Tsang, 2007). Similar to it, Emmons and McCullough, (2003) stressed on the personal benefit received by the individual that was not deserved or earned, but because of the good intentions of another. These benefits whether intentionally provided, costly to the benefactor, and or valuable to the recipient helped increase the amount of gratitude one may experience (Tesser, Gatewood, Driver, 1968). Benefits that are seen to be costly to the benefactor bring forth a larger sense of gratefulness, as long as the benefactor does not have a need for personal benefit on the first place (Okamoto Robinson, 1997). Likewise, people are also seen to expect feeling more grateful to friends, associates or acquaintances, and stranger s who benefit them than to genetic relatives (e.g. siblings parents) who provided the same benefit (Bar-Tal, Bar-Zohar, Creenberg, Hermon, 1977). Gratitude versus Indebtness In the beginning of this review, it is stated that obtaining benefits does not always result to gratefulness. Sometimes individuals react negatively, for instance compelled to repay. In the earlier writings of Greenberg, he treated gratitude and indebtness as synonymous (Greenberg, 1980). As such, people often use interchangeably the phrases Im grateful to you (gratitude-related) and I owe you one (obligation- related). However, these two constructs are different and have distinct psychological effects (McCullough, Kimeldorf, Cohen, 2008). Greenberg (1980) defined indebtness as a state of obligation to repay another and is an emotional state of arousal and discomfort (p.4). A study of Watkins, Sheer, Ovnicek, and Kolts (2006) discovered that when benefactors assist them with an obvious expectation of a return favor, individuals felt indebted and obligated, but not grateful. This implies that the greater the recipients gratitude for a benefit, the greater it is for the individual to aid, praise, and be near to their benefactor. On the contrary, the greater the recipients indebtness, the greater it will generate distress and desire to shun away from the benefactor, thus, an important distinction between the two is that indebtness is an emotion of exchange, whereas gratitude is not (Watkins et al., 2006). Furthermore, indebtness is accompanied by negative emotions, whereas gratitude is a positively valenced emotion (Lazarus Lazarus, 1994; Mayer et al., 1991). This is supported by another research study of Watkins et al., (2006) where participants were asked how they would respond to the favors received after reading a scenario on gratitude. They found out that gratitude was strongly associated with gladness while indebtness was significantly correlated with guilt. Another, indebtness has been found to be coupled with self-reported avoidance motivations, where gratitude is associated with prosocial motivations (Gray et al., 2001). This premise will be further elaborated under the impact of gratitude to the people. Also, from Fredricksons broaden and build theory of positive emotions to gratitude, gratitude should have broad and creative thought or action tendencies similar to positive emotions, whereas indebtness should be associated with a more narrowed mentality of reciprocity (Fredrickson, 2004), a moral code stating that (1) people should help those who have helped them, and (2) people should not injure those who have helped them (Gouldner, 1960, p. 171). Taken together, it confirms that gratitude and indebtness are truly two different concepts. Impact of Gratitude Being able to distinguish the difference between gratitude and indebtness, it is good to consider the importance of gratitude to human beings. How it can affect the lives and behaviors of the individuals, both the receiver and the addressee. In field experiments, it revealed that expressions of gratitude can reinforce kidney donation (Bernstein Sim mons, 1974), and volunteering behavior toward people with HIV/AIDS (Bennett, Ross, Sunderland, 1996). By these findings, it indicates that gratitude can create, nurture, and sustain positive social relationships. In another experimental work, Watkins, Grimm, Kolts (2004) conducted a memory recall of grateful persons, and found out that gratitude was positively correlated with a positive autobiographical memory bias. Specifically, grateful individuals tend to recall more positive memories when told to do so and moreover, tend to have more positive memories come to mind even when they are attempting to remember negative events. In addition, Emmons and McCullough (2003) found that first, individuals who were tasked to remember the things they were grateful for, provide a wide variety of emotional benefits such as contentment in life and optimism. Second, these recollections of events assist one in coping with stressful events. By these findings, the tendency to recall positive happen ings would likely enhance ones judgment of their satisfaction with life (Schwartz Clore, 1983; Strack, Shwartz, Gschneidinger, 1985), and promote subjective well-being (Watkins, in press). This is also supported by a three experimental, longitudinal studies that showed that when participants are manipulated into focusing on the good side of their lives for how many weeks, there are considerable improvements on happiness, depression, and even physical health (Emmons McCullough, 2003; Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, Schkade, 2005; Seligman, Steen, Park, Peterson, 2005). Hence, the emotion gratitude improves the current psychological as well as the physical well-being of an individual. As a whole, these studies showed proof to the notion that gratitude helps one to reframe negative emotional memories by decreasing ones aversive impact on them (Watkins, Grimm, Kolts, 2004). Aside from the findings that gratitude enables one to remember positive events in ones life and enhances the individua ls psychological and physical condition, it as well facilitates the persons coping strategies. Wood, Joseph, and Linley (2007) made a study on whether gratitude was linked with distinct coping styles. They discovered that grateful people were more likely to search for emotional and instrumental social support as their means of coping. In addition, grateful people generally used more positive coping strategies that are largely characterized by approaching the problems rather than avoiding them such as self-blame, denial, and substance abuse. For these results, generally gratitude is related to positive coping strategies involving facing the problems instead of withdrawal tendencies. Furthermore, recent research has shown that individuals who habitually experience gratitude engage more frequently in prosocial behavior than do individuals who experience gratitude less often (McCullough, Emmons, Tsang, 2002). According to McCullough et al, (2001) gratitude possesses three psychological features that are significant in processing and responding to prosocial behavior. First, gratitude as a benefit detector. It alerts or signals that one has benefited from anothers benevolent actions. Tsang (2006a) discovered that participants felt more grateful toward benefactors who lend them a hand out of kindness rather than self-serving motives. Second, gratitude acts as a motivator of prosocial behavior. It motivates an individual to behave in a benevolent and prosocial way after receiving benefits. Modern research has confirmed this from Bartlett and DeSteno (2006) when they found that grateful participants tend to exert more effort in helping their benefactor on an unrelated task (e.g. answering a cognitively boring survey) compared to the nongrateful participants. Furthermore, a study done by Tsang (2006b) compared the likelihood of gratefulness to benefits given intentionally and by chance alone. It was found that not only people felt more grateful when they received the benefits that were intentionally given by their partner, but were also more likely to act openhandedly for their partner in response, than those people who received the benefits by chance. Gratitude may motivate prosocial behavior by influencing the psychological states that support generosity and cooperation. In simpler terms, gratitude leads an individual to give other people a credit for their accomplishments (McCullough, Kimeldorf, Cohen, 2008). Third, gratitude plays the role of a moral reinforcer. Expressing gratitude to a benefactor such as saying thanks functions as a social reward (Polak, Michael, McCullough, 2006) and therefore increase the probability that benefactors will act prosocially once more in the future (McCullough et al., 2001), just as showing ingratitude can instill anger and resentment in benefactors and inhibit future acts of kindness (Buno McCullough, 2006). McCullough and colleagues (2001) concluded that benefactors who were given appreciation or being thanked were willing to perform more and work harder than were the benefactors who were not thanked, when future opportunities take place. In other words, expressing gratitude acknowledges the benefactors benevolent act and thus, may encourage the benefactor to do similar deed when future events come. Limitations Research on gratitude has been recently growing (Emmons, 2004). Many of these studies make use of recall methodology or self-report measures, and gratitude scenarios. Utilizing such methods has some drawbacks. Taking first into account the recall methodology, there is a likelihood that participants would possibly have altered or reconstructed their memories and thus, elicit either a genuine or fake gratitude. Other limitation also is that of a positive memory bias. Asking participants to recollect both positive and negative events in their life does not necessarily show that the participants would exhibit a similar bias if not asked to do so (Watkins, Grimm, Kolts, 2004). In other words, do grateful people more likely to count their blessings even if not told to do so? And does the experience of gratitude plays a role in remembering positive happenings or does recalling of positive happenings elicit gratefulness? Further limitation also is utilizing gratitude scenarios. Gratitude scenarios do not essentially stimulate grateful emotions. Moreover, participants may respond basing on their personal theories in gratitude (Weinar et al., 1979) than stating their authentic grateful emotions. In simpler terms, scenario method addresses on the cognition of the individuals rather than on the affective state. Overall, these methods have potentially low psychological realism and tend to elicit low cost responses (Hegtvedt, 1990). Additionally, the genders of the participants have an effect on the studies too. In a study of Kashdan et al, (2009) on gender differences in gratitude, they assessed whether men comprehend and respond to gratitude differently than women. They found out that men view gratitude as more challenging, anxiety provoking, and burdensome; and women possess greater willingness to openly express emotions and view this as an effective regulatory act. Therefore, as much as possible future research on gratitude must have an equal number of male and female respondents. Finally, most experiments population is culturally limited. The results obtained on gratitude may perhaps not extend to the people from different cultures. Conclusion As noted by Seligman (1998)Sadly, while plumbing the depths of what is worst in life, psychology has lost its connection to the positive side of life- the knowledge about what makes human life most worth living, most fulfilling, most enjoyable, and most productive (p.4). Therefore, positive emotional states deserve attention because positive states are perceived as essential for a fulfilled life. Thus, psychological research on gratitude has evoked that gratitude holds one of the main correlations with well-being, of almost any personality characteristic (Park, Peterson, Seligman, 2004). Moreover, research exploring on the parent of all virtues has progressively revealed the power of gratitude in drawing out positive results to individuals and benefactors. Finally, taking the words from Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1967): In ordinary life, we hardly realize that we receive a great deal more than we give, and that it is only with gratitude that life becomes rich. Hence, gratitude is indisputably the parent of all virtues.

Tin :: essays research papers

Tin Tin's discoverer is unknown but one thing is known. Tin has been used and discovered by the ancients. Tin was an accidental discovery. Tin has been around for many years. Proof is in the fact that tin is mentioned in the old testament of the bible. Tin had a great effect on the world because of its low price, high electric conductivity, and because tin protects against rust and weak acids in food if the can is made out of tin instead of aluminum. Some common compounds of tin are organtin a combination of carbon and tin. When tin is formed with carbon to make organtin it can make more than 500 organtin compounds. These compounds are used in everyday things. One is toothpaste containers and also are things such as wood, paper, textile, farm sprays, and Hospital disinfectants. To get pure tin you must first find ore cassiterite or tin stone, a dioxide of tin. The ore cassiterite before smelting and roasting must be crushed into a powder to remove the arsenic and sulfur from the ore cassiterite. When you smelter the tin you must heat it with carbon to remove the zinc, copper, bismuth, and iron from the tin. Tin had been used for many things but tins use is dropping rapidly although tin is still used a lot for plating. Plating such things as electical contacts. Tin is also used as a protective coating. This protective coating can be as small as 15/1,000,000 of an inch. This protective coating protects against rust on steel and other metals. A coating of tin also gives a great look to plain old steel. Tin cans for food prevents weak acids from damaging the inside of the can. Not many cans are made of tin since aluminum started to be used for cans tins use dropped sharply. Tin is also used to coat staples, pins, bronze bell, pewter pitchers and many others things. Another popular tin mixture is tin and lead. Tin and lead make solder for electric work. Battery contacts in the Black and Decker snake lights are also tin plated. A compound tin salt is used to spray onto glass windows to produce electrically conductive coating for panel lighting and frost free windshields for cars. One last use for tin is in the making of glass windows that are made by floating molten glass on molten tin. This produces a flat piece of glass to be used as a windows. Industries basically only use tin for plating for electricity or for protection on there metals such as tin. Tin is found in Molaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, Nigeria, but

History of Emirates Airlines

The story of a firm whose success story is intertwined with the incredible development of Dubai could be nothing but fascinating. Against a backdrop of regional unrest and volatile global economies, progress has been maintained at a rapid pace in every year of Emirates' and dnata's existence. A combination of business acumen, ambition and savvy investment set in motion a series of events which have propelled Emirates and dnata to amongst the most respected and recognized brands in the world. The story of a firm whose success story is intertwined with the incredible development of Dubai could be nothing but fascinating.Against a backdrop of regional unrest and volatile global economies, progress has been maintained at a rapid pace in every year of Emirates' and dnata's existence. A combination of business acumen, ambition and savvy investment set in motion a series of events which have propelled Emirates and dnata to amongst the most respected and recognized brands in the world. 2012 Emirates join Boeing in Seattle to celebrate the unveiling of its 1,000th 777. The landmark aircraft becomes the 102nd to join Emirates’ Boeing 777 fleet.Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Dublin, Lusaka, Harare, Dallas, Seattle, Ho Chi Minh City, Barcelona, Lisbon and Washington join the Emirates network, while a cargo-only service launches to Liege. Dnata acquires a majority stake in Travel Republic, the largest privately owned online travel agency in the UK, representing one of the biggest transactions in the company’s history. Marhaba celebrates its 20th anniversary and unveils new look. In tennis, Emirates becomes the Official Airline of the US Open and title sponsor of the Emirates Airline US Open Series.Emirates become the Team Sponsor of cricket’s Indian Premier League side Deccan Chargers. 2011 Emirates places the largest single order in Boeing’s history – 50 777-300 ER aircraft, worth $18 billion in list price. The order also included 20 777-3 00 ER options valued at US$ 8 billion. The Emirates Group posts a record profit of AED 5. 9 billion (US$1. 6bn) for the financial year Basra, Geneva, Copenhagen, St Petersburg and Baghdad are added to the Emirates network, while a cargo-only service is launched to Erbil. Shanghai, Johannesburg, Munich and Rome are added to Emirates’ A380 network.Emirates become the Partner and Official Airline of Real Madrid. Emirates and the Victoria Racing Club announce a new five-year sponsorship agreement. Emirates SkyCargo completes its first 100 per cent paperless freighter flight between Nairobi and Amsterdam. Emirates agree to sponsor the ‘Emirates Air Line’, a cable car across London’s River Thames. Aero Mobile, Emirates’ inflight mobile phone service provider, reaches its five millionth user and Emirates launches Wi-Fi internet connectivity for its A380 fleet. Dnata unveils a new company philosophy and fresh visual branding.Dnata announces a global investm ent of US$70 million in new equipment and facilities. dnata acquires a 50 per cent interest in Wings Inflight Services, a South African catering services provider. 2010 Emirates celebrate its 25th anniversary marking a quarter of a century of success and remarkable growth. New routes to Tokyo, Amsterdam, Prague, Al Medinah al Munawarah, Madrid and Dakar launch, while cargo-only operations to Almaty, Bagram and Campinas commence. The Emirates Group posts an increased profit of AED 4. 2 billion (US$1. 1bn) for the financial year ending 31 March 2010.Emirates orders 32 additional A380s at the Berlin Air Show along with GP7200 engines by Engine Alliance. It also orders 30 additional B777-300ERs at the Farnborough Air Show. Emirates are part of celebrations in South Africa an Official Partner of the FIFA World Cup. Emirates SkyCargo operates the first paperless flight between Mauritius and Dubai with all shipments carried processed electronically. Emirates SkyCargo sets a new record by o perating the longest ever non-stop freighter flight of 17. 5 hours between Sydney and New York. Dnata acquires Mercator Asia in Thailand, its first overseas IT subsidiary.Dnata ground handling welcomes the first commercial flight to land at the new Dubai World Central – Al Maktoum International. Dnata officially opens its ‘baggage hub control center’ across all three terminals at Dubai International Airport. Dnata becomes the 4th largest catering provider worldwide by acquiring Alpha Flight Group Ltd. 2009 Dnata acquires two of the UK’s leading ground-handling operations at London Heathrow Airport and Manchester Airport. Dnata opens Afghanistan’s first internationally recognized one stop travel shop in the country’s capital, Kabul. Emirates launches flights to Durban and Luanda.Emirates begin operations of the Airbus A380 on the Sydney, Auckland, Bangkok, Toronto and Seoul routes. Emirates becomes the world’s largest operator of Boeing 777s with the delivery of its 78th B777 aircraft. Wolgan Valley Resort & Spa, Australia’s first conservation-based resort and Emirates Hotels & Resorts’ first property outside of Dubai, welcomes its first guests. Arsenal Soccer Schools Dubai – a joint venture between Emirates and Arsenal – opens its doors. Dnata marks its 50th anniversary at the Dubai Airshow. Al Maha Desert Resort & Spa celebrates its 10th anniversary.Skywards, with more than five million members, marks its 10th anniversary with a new look and an enhanced Program. Premier Inn, a joint venture between the Emirates Group and Whitbread plc. opens its second hotel in Dubai at Silicon Oasis. The millionth Emirates passenger uses their own mobile phone on an aircraft equipped with the AeroMobile system. The largest ever Emirates’ TV advertising campaign to date – â€Å"Meet Dubai† – airs around the world. Emirates opens its Community Health Education Society (CHES) home for HIV-positive children in Chennai, India. 2008Dnata acquires a 23% share of worldwide corporate travel company, Hogg Robinson Group (HRG), the largest share of the company, which gives dnata access to a network of 120 countries. dnata purchases a 49% share in Mind Pearl, a global contact center outsource organization, which sees dnata expand across three continents in their offering of contact center outsource solutions. Dnata’s cargo operation joins forces with Kanoo, UAE and SDV International Logistics, France to create one of the UAE’s largest logistics solutions providers, Freightworks. The company moves into the new multi – million dollar Emirates Group Headquarters.The Emirates- dedicated Terminal 3 opens in October and within a month 500,000 passengers had flown out the terminal. Emirates SkyCargo begins operations out of Dubai Cargo Village’s new Mega Terminal, with a capacity to handle 1. 2 million tonnes annually. The first Emirates fli ght to Los Angeles touches down, while flights are also launched to San Francisco and Cape Town. Emirates becomes the first international carrier to introduce an in-flight mobile phone service. Emirates takes delivery of three A380s and aviation history is made when its first A380 touches down in New York.The 10,000th cabin crew member joins the Emirates team. New Emirates sporting facility 7he Sevens hosts record crowds at the Emirates Airline Dubai Rugby Sevens. 2007 Dnata enters the European market for the first time with the takeover of Jet Aviation Handling AG, the airport handling division of Swiss-based Jet Aviation Group. Emirates stuns the world by signing contracts for 120 Airbus A350s, 11 A380s and 12 Boeing 777-330ERs, worth an estimated $34. 9 billion, at the Dubai Air Show. New Engineering Centre and Engine Test Cell are officially opened.The Emirates Harbour Hotel & Residence and the Marina Hotel open their doors. The addition of Sao Paulo to the network represents th e first non-stop flight between the Middle East and South America. Emirates Flight Catering begins operations at its new $120 million facility at Dubai International. 2006 Emirates signs an agreement for 10 Boeing 747-8F in a deal worth $3. 3 billion. Emirates seals $195 million partnership deal with Fifa – the world governing body of football –and also buys the rights to screen every match played at the Germany World Cup on flights.Arsenal play their first match at the new Emirates Stadium. Sheikh Ahmed says Emirates is at the heart of Dubai’s Dhs300 billion investment in aviation and aerospace. Emirates SkyCargo signs $2. 8 billion order for 10 Boeing 747-8Fs. 2005 Emirates Group workforce totals 25,000 people from 124 countries around the world, making it Dubai’s biggest employer. Passenger traffic continues to rise with 12. 5 million recorded in the year. Emirates orders 42 Boeing 777s in a deal worth $9. 7 billion, the largest Boeing 777 order in his tory. 2004 Emirates orders four Boeing 777-300ERs, with nine options, in a $2. 6 billion deal. The SkyCargo fleet is increased with three Airbuses A310-300s added to its six Boeing 747s. Emirates makes its first flight to North America – a non-stop 14-hour flight to New York’s JFK Airport. This marked the first non-stop passenger service from the Middle East to North America, a continent which Mr. Flanagan described, in aviation terms, as the most important in the world. Emirates signs a ? 100 million deal with English Premiership side Arsenal, which includes naming rights to its new stadium for 15 years and shirt sponsorship for eight years, starting from the 2006/07 season.Dnata opens its first regional travel outlet in Kuwait. 2003 CAE and Emirates join forces to open the $100 million Emirates Aviation Training Centre which boasts numerous full-flight simulators. Emirates shocks the industry at the Paris Air Show with the biggest deal in civil aviation history †“ a staggering order for 71 aircraft at a cost of $19 billion. Daily service from Dubai to Sydney starts on the first A340-500 to join the fleet. The A340-500 features revolutionary ice in-flight entertainment system – including 500 channels in all classes, while every seat is equipped with a phone.After carrying 8. 5 million passengers, an increase of 26%, the airline posts an incredible profits increase of 94 per cent to Dhs907 million from Dhs468 million. Dnata is given a new corporate logo – a globe cushioned by a stylized runway represented by a curving green strip. 2002 Four million passengers vote in the Skytrax internet poll and Emirates is again named Airline of the Year. Global passenger levels drop by four per cent but Emirates figures rise 18. 3 per cent to 6. 8 million. Cargo across the world plunges nine per cent but Emirates enjoys an increase of 19. per cent to 400,000 tonnes. Group announces $275 million investment in new hangar complex at the Emirat es Engineering Centre. 2001 Emirates SkyCargo Centre – with a capacity to handle 400,000 tonnes a year – opens. Emirates signs ? 24 million deal to sponsor English Premiership football club Chelsea for four years. In a survey of 2. 7 million airline passengers by Skytrax Research, Emirates was voted Airline of the Year. Emirates takes delivery of its 18th Airbus A330-200 and orders two more, making it the biggest A330 operator in the world.With rivals reeling from September 11 and Boeing and Airbus in a weak bargaining position, Emirates stuns the world by announcing a $15 billion order for 15 A380s, eight A340-600s, three A330s and 25 Boeing 777s. 2000 The Sheikh Rashid Terminal opens, increasing the capacity at Dubai International to 22 million passengers a year. Frequent flyer loyalty programme Emirates Skywards is launched. Sheikh Ahmed announces Dubai Government is to invest $500-600m in the new Terminal 3 – with a capacity for 20 million passengers a year. Emirates becomes the first airline to sign up for the Airbus A380 when it orders seven, with an option on five more, at the Farnborough Air Show. Emirates buys another six Boeing 777-300s. Mr Flanagan is made a Commander of the British Empire. 1999 Emirates enters the hotel property market with the opening of the Al Maha Desert Resort & Spa. The first of 17 new generations Airbus A330-200s arrive in Dubai. Emirates Group’s workforce totals 11,000. Dnata enters the South East Asian airport services market with the launch of dnata Philippines Inc.The airline capitalizes on the UAE’s growing ties with Australia and a deal is struck to add Sydney, Brisbane and Perth to the Melbourne route. Emirates sponsors the Melbourne Cup, the biggest meeting in Australia’s horse racing calendar, and the nation’s cricket team at the World Cup. The livery of the Emirates fleet is updated with a modern, dynamic design. Passenger arrivals at Dubai International hit the 11 mil lion mark. 1998 Emirates increases its capacity by 26 per cent as passenger figures hit 3. 7 million, while cargo levels go up to 200,000 tonnes.Group takes a 43 per cent stake in Air Lanka, which is renamed SriLankan. Emirates is voted Best Airline in the World at prestigious OAG Awards. he $540 million Terminal 2 is opened at Dubai International. 1997 Emirates makes a $2 billion order for 16 Airbus A330-200s. Airline defies high fuel prices to again post record profits as passenger figures top three million and the cargo haul hits 150,000 tonnes. Emirates takes delivery of six Boeing 777-200s, giving it new long-haul capabilities. 1996 Airline takes delivery of its first Boeing 777-200 and becomes the first airline to show live footage of take-off and landing.Its maiden flight to London is followed by Emirates’ inaugural flight to Melbourne. Emirates becomes title sponsor of the world’s richest horse racing event – the Dubai World Cup. 1995 As the airline cele brates its 10th birthday, it has a fleet flying to 34 locations in the Middle East, Far East and Europe. Emirates enters the African market, with flights into Johannesburg, Nairobi and Kenya. Sheikh Ahmed’s aim for more Emiratis to forge careers with Emirates starts to take shape as the first pilots graduate from Emirates’ training programme. Emirates Flight Training Centre opens. 994 Emirates is the first airline to equip an Airbus fleet with an on-flight fax facility. 1993 Emirates becomes the first airline to introduce telecommunications on an Airbus – in all three classes. 1992 Emirates becomes the first airline to install video systems in all seats in all classes throughout its fleet. Emirates convinces the French government to allow it to fly into Paris. $2 million terminal exclusive to Emirates is opened at Dubai International. Emirates becomes first airline to order a $20 million Airbus full-flight simulator. 1991On January 17, Emirates grounds its fleet for several hours as the battle to liberate Kuwait begins. Operations resume and Emirates’ maintains 90 per cent of its normal services during the first month of the conflict. Emirates finally gets a slot at the busiest international hub in the world – London Heathrow. Shortly after the arrival of another Airbus A300-600R, taking its fleet to nine, Emirates orders seven Boeing 777s, with an option for seven more, in a $64. 5 million deal. As the airline celebrates its sixth anniversary, 25,000 passengers a week are being flown to 23 destinations. 1990Sheikh Ahmed signs up for three more Airbus A310-300s at the Asean Aerospace exhibition in Singapore. Emirates bucks the industry trend and continues to expand despite the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and adds Manchester to its schedule. Flights are added to Singapore, Manila and Bangkok. 1988 Damascus is added to the Emirates route network, giving it a total 12 destinations in just 38 months of business. Deals are struck to fly into London’s Gatwick Airport, as well as Istanbul, Frankfurt and Male, the capital of the Maldives. On July 3, A6-EKA flies from to Toulouse to Dubai as Emirates takes delivery of its first bought aircraft.The Airbus A310-304 is designed to Emirates specifications, giving the airline the opportunity to fully implement its commitment to offering a superior flying experience than its rivals. 1986 The network grows with traffic rights acquired into Amman, Colombo, Cairo and Dhaka. Investment in infrastructure and expansion costs sees Emirates posting losses for what would be the only time in its history. 1985 Sheikh Mohammed introduces Mr. Flanagan to his uncle and future Emirates chairman Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum. Mr. Flanagan embarks on ambitious mission to launch an airline with $10 million in five months.Sheikh Ahmed and future president Tim Clark join Mr. Flanagan’s team. Pakistan International Airlines agrees to wet-lease Emirates two aircraft. Deals a re struck to fly into Karachi, New Delhi and Bombay. A PR disaster is thwarted by recruiting 80 Emirates staff to travel incognito to disguise the dismal sales of tickets on the maiden flight. On October 25 Flight EK600 departs Dubai International for Karachi. Sheikh Mohammed gifts two Boeing 727-200s to the airline. 1984 Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum and Mr. Flanagan discuss launching an airline in Dubai. Mr.Flanagan is among a 10-man team which produces a business plan for the new airline – to be named either Dubai Airlines or Emirates airline. Sheikh Mohammed opts for Emirates and the decision is made to build the airline on top of dnata, which was already the sales agent for 25 airlines. 1978 Maurice Flanagan moves to Dubai to become director and general manager of dnata. 1960 Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum opens the airport and implements innovative open-skies policy. 1959 Dnata is established by the Dubai Government with just five staff to provide ground han dling services at the new Dubai International Airport.

split brain research essays

split brain research essays 1. Gazzaniga, M.S. "One Brain or Two?" Scientific American. 1967. Rpt. In Forty Studies That Changed Psychology. Ed. Roger R. Hock. Engewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995. 2-11. 2. This article dealt with experiments that showed the different functions of the right and left hemisphere of the brain. It also described the functions of the left and right hemisphere. "Your left brain is better at speaking, writing, mathematical calculations, and reading, and is the primary center for language. Your right hemisphere, posses superior capabilities for recognizing faces, solving problems involving spatial relationships, symbolic reasoning, and artistic activities"(9). The experiments were done to find how each hemisphere of the brain process information. To do this the corpus callosum was severed. This made it impossible for the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other. When the corpus callosum is severed it is referred to as the split brain effect. The tests that were performed on the individuals fell into three fields: they were sight, hearing, and touch. All the tests showed that the above is true concerning the functions of each hem isphere of the brain. The problem that the author was addressing was the fact that the two hemispheres of the brain communicate with each other, and if the communication is destroyed then the functions could be handled by one hemisphere better then the two combined. These experiments proved that there was a dominance in each hemisphere of the brain to perform certain tasks. Even though a connected brain can perform the tasks of both sides. 3. I think that the experiment showed exactly what it set out to do. Show that the separate hemispheres of the brain perform different tasks. It also showed that the brain is capable of performing these tasks even when the corpus callosum has been severed. Although some tasks are performed better ...

Strategic Retail Management Essays

Strategic Retail Management Essays Strategic Retail Management Paper Strategic Retail Management Paper People need a lot of things from their basic things to their luxuries and wants. They turn to the sellers of the merchandise that they need. These sellers may be small retail business owners or big ones such as a department store. Retailing is an important feature of the economy in distributing goods and services from the producers to the people who need them. Retailers usually purchase large amounts of goods from producers, manufacturers or from wholesalers. A quick glance at the supply chain from the production factories would reveal that retailers are at the bottom rung of the chain. Retail stores or shops are usually located where the people are. If people will have to travel long distances just to go to retailers, their business will not grow. Since retail shops are where people go to for their basic needs, they usually develop a connection with their favorite shops. Not a few develop loyalty to the shops they frequently go to. The Retail Environment There are different kinds of retail environments that people may go to. Traditionally sellers and buyers converge on markets. Markets, however, have been supplanted by the rise of malls and big supermarkets. Some retail environments may be in the form of stores where an attendant gets what the customer wants. There are also self-service shops where the customers just get what they want and then pay at the cashier. In stores and shops, however, what can be noted is that the traffic of people never stops. There is interaction most of the time. The retail environment is a place where the economic relationships of people can be highlighted. Yet, such relationships are not only economic, both buyers and sellers may also develop social connections through the retail environment (Berman Evans, 2006). Morale and Motivation at the Retail Environment The morale and motivation of the workers in a retail environment is very important to its operations. A motivated workforce will mean that they will also transfer that motivation to the customers that will visit the shop. In order to facilitate this, the workers at the retail shop should enjoy certain benefits and privileges. In this regard, the retail environment should have clear role perceptions, motivation from the manager or owner, and ability, which can be enhanced through training (Weitz, Sujan, and Sujan, 1986). If the management of the retail shop can ensure the motivation of its workers, this would redound to better customer service to the consumers. In a study conducted by Kim, Kang and Kim (2005), they discovered that there are several dimensions of retail shopping motivation from consumers, especially those who are older. They can either consume service, value and food or they can engage in shopping for diversion and leisurely appreciation of aesthetics. Through the model created by these researchers, they found out that people who are lonely and in need of social interaction tend to go to malls and retail shops. Through their experience at the retail shops, their loneliness can be lessened. In this regard, the workers of a shop can make buyers happier by helping them in value consumption and provide them good services (Kim, Kang Kim, 2005). Such kind of motivational spirit would work well if the workers themselves have motivation and if they have high morale. In times of sadness and loneliness, then the workers at the retail shop could also help people become more cheerful. Retailing Trends for Small Businesses One of the most interesting developments in retail management is in two areas, both of them involving technology deeply. Supply chain management is now increasingly integrated with computer applications that enable store owners to manage their inventories more effectively. The technology is also becoming more affordable so even small businesses can afford it. With the availability of online applications, retail management has become more technologically dependent (Krafft Mantrala, 2005). Another important development in retailing is the increasing popularity of the Internet as the place to shop. With credit cards and online payment schemes, more and more people, especially the busy ones, are depending on the Internet and their credit cards for their purchases. If it is any indication, the success of Ebay and other online shopping sites have also led to the emergence of a new kind of entrepreneurs and retailers who are using the Internet in marketing their products. Whatever their products are, they are now able to reach out to a wide segment of buyers not only in their immediate vicinity but also to the whole world (Krafft Mantrala, 2005). This internationalization of retail management has an important impact on the operations of businesses as well as in their business model. With the integration of the Internet as an effective marketing arm, it supplements the traditional marketing media being used by retailers. The internet also helps small retail businesses to get in touch with their customers more quickly and instantaneously. In doing so, they can easily get feedback from them and act on such feedback right away. As such, the marketing aspect of retailing, the interfacing with customers, and the gathering of feedback becomes easier because of the Internet and other online applications. With the internalization of retailing, however, businesses need to think more creatively about their strategy in reaching out to their target market. Another important thing to think about is how to motivate and raise the morale of the customers similar to what they experience when they go to retail centers or to malls. Obviously, retailers also need to take into account the value added needs of the customers that would contribute to a better experience to them when they are shopping online or on site. Apparel shopping on the Internet has been growing in the past few years yet there are hesitations on the part of shoppers to buy clothing over the Internet. This is because of the perceived risks in buying items there. For one, buyers do not get the same visual and texture sensation when they shop on a store. They cannot try on an item of clothing shown online. Given this limitations, retailing through commerce should appeal to other aspects of the buyer experience (Park Stoel, 2002). The Future of Retail Retail management will not be relegated to the dustbins of history. Although economic recession may facilitate the rise and fall of different means of product distribution and retail management but as long as people need goods and services, retailing will remain as a key feature of the country’s economy. Yet the future of the retail industry is worth looking at. Dawson (2000) identified six major challenges to retail management. These challenges have to be addressed in order for retailers to thrive in their industry. The first one is about the challenges of growing and â€Å"bigness†. Big supermarkets and retail chains are on the rise and these industry giants are undermining the small-time players. As such, small and medium businesses should think of creative ways to survive the intense competition. Secondly, brands are highly arbitrary, always in flux and subject to constant change. Choosing which brands to market and distribute may be a crucial issue for retailers. Another challenge would be the over-capacity of the space for retailing. This would refer to the need for careful management of space and buildings of retailers to ensure that both aesthetics and functionality are ensured. In addition to this, changes in the products and services being marketed tend to be abrupt and turbulent. Even the tastes and preferences of consumers can easily change. Retailers therefore should be quick to understand the dynamics of the market so they can prepare for difficulties and problems along the way. The past decade has seen the rise of outsourcing and offshoring in the discussion of business models, processes and services. The challenge that retailers need to address in this area is achieving the balance between internalization and outsourcing of functions. Outsourcing may be an option for businesses but if overdone, it could easily be a source of fragmentation in the business and the loss of trade secrets. Lastly, retailing through e-commerce is yet to prove itself as effective. In order to deal with these challenges, Dawson (2000) recommends several areas that retailers need to look at. One is making the retail firm relevant to the times and to the changing preferences of consumers. There should also be an effective assessment of the risks that the retail firm faces. Another important aspect is to remodel the organization, establish an effective means of gathering knowledge, which will help in development the corporate culture of the firm. Competition is definitely a big issue in retailing. As such, effective strategies should be devised to deal with globalization and competition from large scale companies such as Wal-Mart (Dawson, 2000). Conclusion Retailing will remain as a very important feature of the country’s economy. Actual retailing helps customers with their needs for various products and services. Retailing also gives consumers value added. Through the act of being at the retailer’s shop or store, the loneliness and sadness of certain people can be alleviated. This is not something that people can easily enjoy in huge shopping complexes and warehouses. In spite of big challenges in the retail industry, there are still those that manage to survive. There are also those, however, that cannot cope with the difficulties of the industry and are forced to close or to seek for ways to mitigate their losses. Wendy’s Hamburger has experienced losses in the last two years or so. Some of its stores are no longer visited by customers. Big franchises of the hamburger chain also closed down. Some of the most notable ones are those that are in Australia. Likewise, fifty Wendy’s locations were closed in the United States just recently. This trend could be attributed to intense competition from other hamburger retail chains most notably, McDonalds. More importantly, though, the chain was not able to create a brand name for itself similar to BigMac or Whopper (Wolf, 2007). Retailers can learn valuable lesson from this. Branding is very important in facing the intense and uncertain competition in the world of retailing. Retail management is a difficult business but if the trends in the market can be anticipated, then the right action can be done to make the business thrive.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Reflection - Essay Example Different countries have evolved separate items of mass entertainment, they can therefore be considered as their domestic culture. Youngsters, in the progress of their active life, learn to engage in activities mainly on the basis of information collected from mass media entertainment such as TV, music, movies, mobile and internet of course to the greatest extend these days (Nachbar 1992, p. 414). Engagement in popular culture should be productive, I mean, by way of learning the ethical values of great works done by people in literature, art and architecture. Students need to attend sessions of cultural activities and perform their role thereby. They should realize that culture is a source of ethical values apart from mere entertainment. Learning about modern popular culture encourages people to form a positive attitude towards their community. Movies, stage-shows or any other form of public entertainment should focus on building this attitude among people. Modern popular culture however, imprints the enthusiasm of more indigenous cultures involving tattoos, fashion design, animated photography etc in returning to the primitive style as a fashion. As the globe has been totally trodden by man, the need for cultural globalization has already evolved. People presently have the attitude to respect and follow the indigenous culture as a connection with modern popular culture. Also, with the development of sports and folklore programs across the world, the engagement of popular art in the social life has been reinforced. Therefore, in the light of due consideration of values and standards of popular culture these days, I don’t consider a change in my attitude towards them unless it goes all against social ethics; e ven on such conditions, there are legislative measures to regulate such possible

Aging and Media For Nursing Student Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aging and Media For Nursing Student - Assignment Example The contemporary world is surrounded by media and people within the society take up the images, impressions, sounds, and ideas that the media portrays towards aging. The media reflects key values within the society (Vickers, 2007). Representation of the older people and aging in the media serves two main purposes; (a) it may lead to the revelation of the general stereotypes that are in existence in the society, and (b) it may reinforce or teach the existing stereotypes (Darnell, Krisiola and Mason, 2010). Young adults and children have limited contact with the older adults and they may develop beliefs on the issue of aging depending on what they hear and see in the media. If there s underrepresentation of the older adults in the media or most of the media representations are negative, then it follows that negative stereotypes develop (Darnell, Krisiola and Mason, 2010). There are two theories that attempt to explain the impact of the media within the society. The theories are: (a) so cial learning theory, and (b) cultivation theory. The social learning theory asserts that the young adults are mostly influenced by what they hear and see in the media and in the process the young person apes the models he or she hears or sees (Vickers, 2007). The cultivation theory asserts that the substance of the contemporary mass media has the capability of shaping the individuals’ perceptions of the universe. In this modern society, people encounter images that constantly change the way people feel and think on a number of issues.